Benchmark a model on MAX

max benchmark measures a running model server. It's a load generator: it sends inference requests to a live max serve endpoint, times them, and reports throughput (tokens/sec) and latency (TTFT, TPOT, inter-token latency). A benchmark combines two things: a server under test, and a workload that matches the question you're asking.

Every run reports both throughput and latency, so there's no mode to select. Decide what you want to learn first, then pick the workload that measures it. Single-stream latency and peak throughput come from different workloads, so the workload you choose is the measurement. Get that right and a clean number falls out.

Use this skill when you want a performance number for a model on MAX: tokens/sec, TTFT / TPOT, a concurrency or request-rate sweep, a latency-vs-throughput tradeoff, or deployment sizing.

Don't use this skill when no server is running yet. max benchmark is a client, so start a server with the serve-model skill first. To find out where inference time goes at the kernel level, use profile-model. To check whether the output is correct, treat it as a parity task (import-model, then debug-model) rather than a benchmark.

This skill works anywhere MAX is installed (pip or pixi). Add pixi run in a pixi project.

References

The following table lists the reference files and when to read each one:

Read the reference for what you're doing, not all of them upfront.

1. Check the server and read its model name

curl -s http://localhost:8000/v1/health     # 200 = ready
curl -s http://localhost:8000/v1/models      # note the served model name

Both checks matter before you spend a run:

• The benchmark's --model must equal the server's --served-model-name exactly, or every request fails. Take the value from /v1/models rather than guessing it.
• If that served name is an alias rather than a Hugging Face ID (no / in it), --tokenizer defaults to it and can't resolve, and the run dies with "not a valid model identifier." Pass the model's real Hugging Face ID as --tokenizer.

If nothing is serving, start a server with max serve (for a custom architecture, use the serve-model skill). One more server setting matters: --max-batch-size caps real concurrency. A sweep to --max-concurrency 32 against a server started with --max-batch-size 1 queues requests instead of batching them, so raise the server's batch size to match the sweep or the high-concurrency points mean nothing.

Wait for Server ready then benchmark. Benchmarking during compile or warmup produces garbage first-token times.

2. Pick the workload for your question

The workload is the measurement. Match it to what you want to learn:

A sweep answers the first two rows at once: the concurrency-1 point is the best-case latency number, and the peak across the sweep is the throughput number. Reach for a dedicated concurrency-1 run when you only want the latency figure and don't want to pay for the rest of the curve.

The key knobs are the following (references/flags.md has the full catalog):

• --dataset-name: pick random (synthetic, shape it with --random-input-len and --random-output-len), sharegpt (real chat), or arxiv-summarization (long context). random works best for clean, reproducible micro-measurements.
• --max-concurrency and --request-rate: take a single value or a comma-separated sweep (1,2,4,8). A sweep is how you find the throughput knee.
• --endpoint: use /v1/completions for base LMs, which need no chat template, or /v1/chat/completions for instruct and chat models, which must have a chat template or the requests return 400.
• --max-output-len: sets the decode length, which dominates how long the run takes.
• --num-prompts: required for single-turn runs.

3. Run it, save results, add GPU stats

For best-case single-request latency, pin concurrency to 1 and keep the shape fixed:

pixi run max benchmark --backend modular --base-url http://localhost:8000 \
  --model <served-model-name> --endpoint /v1/completions \
  --dataset-name random --random-input-len 128 --random-output-len 128 \
  --max-output-len 128 --num-prompts 32 --max-concurrency 1 \
  --result-filename results/latency.json --collect-gpu-stats

For peak throughput and the latency knee, sweep concurrency and send more prompts:

pixi run max benchmark --backend modular --base-url http://localhost:8000 \
  --model <served-model-name> --endpoint /v1/completions \
  --dataset-name random --random-input-len 512 --random-output-len 128 \
  --max-output-len 128 --num-prompts 200 \
  --max-concurrency 1,2,4,8,16,32 \
  --result-filename results/throughput.json --collect-gpu-stats

Note these three things about saving and instrumenting a run:

• --result-filename: writes metrics to JSON and creates the directories it needs. Set it whenever you want to track or compare runs; without it, MAX saves nothing. --metadata key=value stamps the JSON, for example --metadata tp=1 gpu=b200. A sweep also drops a results-<N>-median.json per step under --log-dir.
• --collect-gpu-stats: adds GPU utilization and peak memory. This works only when the benchmark runs on the same machine as the server (NVIDIA).
• For version-controlled configs, put options under a benchmark_config: key in a YAML file and pass --config-file file.yaml. Keys use snake_case, and CLI flags override the file.

4. Read the metrics

The run prints throughput and latency, and a sweep prints one row per point. The headline numbers are the following:

• Output token throughput (tok/s): the main throughput number.
• TTFT (time to first token): prefill responsiveness. Watch p50 and p99.
• TPOT and ITL (time per output token and inter-token latency): decode speed.
• GPU utilization and peak memory: reported with --collect-gpu-stats.

For how to turn these numbers into a conclusion, and the latency-vs-throughput tradeoff a sweep reveals, see references/metrics.md.

Troubleshooting

Match the symptom against references/troubleshooting.md, which covers connection failures, model-name mismatches, tokenizer-alias errors, chat-template 400s, flat throughput from a batch-size cap, and warmup-skewed first-token times. Confirm that curl /v1/health returns 200 before you check anything else.